07-06-2023, 03:11 AM
The oldest civilization that is theorized to have existed is the Sumerian civilization, which emerged in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 4,000 BCE. The Sumerians are credited with laying the foundation for many aspects of human civilization, including the development of writing, complex political and social systems, and advancements in agriculture, architecture, and mathematics.
The Sumerians established city-states in southern Mesopotamia, such as Uruk, Ur, and Eridu. These city-states were characterized by sophisticated urban planning, monumental architecture (such as ziggurats), and a complex hierarchy of rulers, priests, and citizens. The Sumerians also had a system of writing called cuneiform, which is one of the earliest known writing systems.
Additionally, the Sumerians had a pantheon of gods and goddesses, and their religious beliefs influenced later civilizations in the region. The Sumerian civilization declined around 2,000 BCE due to various factors, including invasions by other groups and environmental challenges.
While the Sumerian civilization is widely regarded as one of the oldest, it's important to note that human settlements and cultures existed prior to the emergence of Sumer. However, the Sumerians represent one of the earliest complex societies with distinctive characteristics that shaped the development of subsequent civilizations.
The Sumerians established city-states in southern Mesopotamia, such as Uruk, Ur, and Eridu. These city-states were characterized by sophisticated urban planning, monumental architecture (such as ziggurats), and a complex hierarchy of rulers, priests, and citizens. The Sumerians also had a system of writing called cuneiform, which is one of the earliest known writing systems.
Additionally, the Sumerians had a pantheon of gods and goddesses, and their religious beliefs influenced later civilizations in the region. The Sumerian civilization declined around 2,000 BCE due to various factors, including invasions by other groups and environmental challenges.
While the Sumerian civilization is widely regarded as one of the oldest, it's important to note that human settlements and cultures existed prior to the emergence of Sumer. However, the Sumerians represent one of the earliest complex societies with distinctive characteristics that shaped the development of subsequent civilizations.