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[Creeperopolis]

The Battle of Helena was fought on July 4, 1863, near Helena, Arkansas, during the American Civil War. Union troops captured the city in July 1862, and had been using it as a base of operations. Over 7,500 Confederate troops led by Lieutenant General Theophilus Holmes attempted to capture Helena in hopes of relieving some of the pressure on the Confederate army besieged in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Helena was defended by about 4,100 Union troops led by Major General Benjamin Prentiss, manning one fort and four batteries.

Differing interpretations of Holmes' order to attack at daylight resulted in Brigadier General James F. Fagan's troops attacking Battery D unsupported, and Major General Sterling Price's attack against the Union center was made after Fagan's had largely fizzled out. To the north, Confederate cavalry commanded by Brigadier Generals John S. Marmaduke and Lucius M. Walker failed to act in concert and accomplished little. The assaults failed, and Vicksburg fell the same day. Later in the year, Union troops used Helena as a staging ground for their successful campaign to capture Little Rock, Arkansas.

[Daemonum]

Hi there,

Are you a sociopath?

Do you support the regime of Kim Jong Un?

Do you laugh at pregnant women being kicked in the belly?

Have you ever asked O. J. Simpson for an autograph because you are his biggest fan anytime between 1994 and the current date?

Do you have a life-size painting of L. Ron Hubbard anywhere in your home?

If you answered YES to any of these questions, then Van Leeuwen's 'Hidden Valley Ranch' Icecream is for you.

[Creeperopolis]

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells gain the ability to multiply unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor. Without treatment, tumors spread throughout the lung, damaging lung function. Eventually lung tumors metastasize, spreading to other parts of the body.

Early lung cancer often has no symptoms, and can only be detected by medical imaging. As the cancer progresses, most people experience unspecific respiratory problems: coughing, shortness of breath, and/or chest pain. Other symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Those suspected of having lung cancer typically undergo a series of imaging tests to determine the location and extent of any tumors. Definitive diagnosis of lung cancer requires a biopsy of the suspected tumor be examined by a pathologist under a microscope. In addition to recognizing cancerous cells, a pathologist can classify the tumor according to the type of cells it originates from. Around 15% of cases are small-cell lung cancer, and the remaining 85% (the non-small-cell lung cancers) are adenocarcinomas, squamous-cell carcinomas, and large-cell carcinomas. After diagnosis, further imaging and biopsies are done to determine the cancer's stage based on how far it has spread. People whose cancer is caught at an earlier stage tend to have better prognoses.

Treatment for early stage lung cancer includes surgery to remove the tumor, sometimes followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Later stage cancer is treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy alongside drug treatments that target specific cancer subtypes. Even with treatment, only around 20% of people survive five years on from their diagnosis.[4] Survival rates are higher in those diagnosed at an earlier stage, diagnosed at a younger age, and in women compared to men.

Most lung cancer cases are caused by tobacco smoking. The remainder are caused by exposure to hazardous substances like asbestos and radon gas, or genetic mutations that arise by chance. Consequently, lung cancer prevention efforts encourage people to avoid hazardous chemicals and quit smoking. Quitting smoking both reduces one's chance of developing lung cancer, and improves treatment outcomes in those already diagnosed with lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the most diagnosed and deadliest cancer worldwide, with 2.2 million cases in 2020 resulting in 1.8 million deaths.[3] Lung cancer is rare in those younger than 40; the average age at diagnosis is 70 years, and the average age at death 72.[2] Incidence and outcomes vary widely across the world, depending on patterns of tobacco use. Prior to the advent of cigarette smoking in the 20th century, lung cancer was a rare disease. In the 1950s and 1960s, increasing evidence linked lung cancer and tobacco use, culminating in declarations by most large national health bodies discouraging tobacco use.

[Daemonum]

Friends don't let friends clap on 1 & 3

[Creeperopolis]

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

The method was developed in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago by Willard Libby. It is based on the fact that radiocarbon (14
C) is constantly being created in the Earth's atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting 14
C combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide, which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis; animals then acquire 14
C by eating the plants. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and thereafter the amount of 14
C it contains begins to decrease as the 14
C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the amount of 14
C in a sample from a dead plant or animal, such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone, provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died. The older a sample is, the less 14
C there is to be detected, and because the half-life of 14
C (the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed) is about 5,730 years, the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to approximately 50,000 years ago, although special preparation methods occasionally make an accurate analysis of older samples possible. Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960.

Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of 14
C in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years. The resulting data, in the form of a calibration curve, is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample's calendar age. Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of 14
C in different types of organisms (fractionation), and the varying levels of 14
C throughout the biosphere (reservoir effects). Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s. Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its 14
C to decay below detectable levels, fossil fuels contain almost no 14
C. As a result, beginning in the late 19th century, there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of 14
C as the carbon dioxide generated from burning fossil fuels began to accumulate in the atmosphere. Conversely, nuclear testing increased the amount of 14
C in the atmosphere, which reached a maximum in about 1965 of almost double the amount present in the atmosphere prior to nuclear testing.

Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices, which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying 14
C atoms in a sample. More recently, accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice; it counts all the 14
C atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples (as small as individual plant seeds), and gives results much more quickly. The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology. In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods, it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances. Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the "radiocarbon revolution". Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated, such as the end of the last ice age, and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions.

[New makasta]

Cengiz is the Turkish form of Genghis, as in Genghis Khan. Notable people with the name include:

Given name
Cengiz Aktar (born 1955), Turkish political scientist, journalist and writer
Cengiz Bektaş (1934–2020), Turkish architect, engineer, poet and writer
Cengiz Biçer (born 1987), Liechtenstein football goalkeeper
Cengiz Çandar (born 1948), Turkish journalist
Cengiz Dağcı (1919–2011), Crimean Tatar novelist and poet
Cengiz Doğu (1945–2019), German poet and activist
Cengiz Kavaklıoğlu (born 1968), Turkish sprinter
Cengiz Koç (born 1977), German heavyweight boxer
Cengiz Küçükayvaz (born 1968), Turkish actor
Cengiz Kurtoğlu (born 1959), Turkish musician
Cengiz Özek (born 1964), Turkish puppeteer
Cengiz Topel (1934–1964), Turkish fighter pilot
Cengiz Ünder (born 1997), Turkish football player

[Avigilon]

The oldest civilization that is theorized to have existed is the Sumerian civilization, which emerged in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 4,000 BCE. The Sumerians are credited with laying the foundation for many aspects of human civilization, including the development of writing, complex political and social systems, and advancements in agriculture, architecture, and mathematics.

The Sumerians established city-states in southern Mesopotamia, such as Uruk, Ur, and Eridu. These city-states were characterized by sophisticated urban planning, monumental architecture (such as ziggurats), and a complex hierarchy of rulers, priests, and citizens. The Sumerians also had a system of writing called cuneiform, which is one of the earliest known writing systems.

Additionally, the Sumerians had a pantheon of gods and goddesses, and their religious beliefs influenced later civilizations in the region. The Sumerian civilization declined around 2,000 BCE due to various factors, including invasions by other groups and environmental challenges.

While the Sumerian civilization is widely regarded as one of the oldest, it's important to note that human settlements and cultures existed prior to the emergence of Sumer. However, the Sumerians represent one of the earliest complex societies with distinctive characteristics that shaped the development of subsequent civilizations.

[Avigilon]

The question of the oldest thing in the universe is a difficult one to answer definitively. The universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old, so any object or entity that predates this age is beyond our current understanding.

However, scientists have discovered some of the oldest known objects within the universe. One such example is the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), which is considered to be one of the oldest known phenomena. The CMB is electromagnetic radiation left over from the early stages of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. It is often referred to as the "afterglow" of the Big Bang and provides valuable insights into the early universe's conditions and development.

Another candidate for the oldest objects in the universe are ancient star clusters and galaxies. For instance, globular clusters, which are dense collections of stars, are among the oldest known objects in our Milky Way galaxy. Some globular clusters are estimated to be over 10 billion years old, making them almost as old as the universe itself.

It's important to note that our understanding of the universe is continually evolving as new discoveries are made. Therefore, while these objects are currently considered among the oldest known, it's possible that future observations and findings may reveal even older entities or phenomena.

[Avigilon]

The oldest verified person on record, according to the Gerontology Research Group (GRG), was Jeanne Calment. She was born on February 21, 1875, in Arles, France, and lived until August 4, 1997, reaching the age of 122 years and 164 days. Jeanne Calment's longevity has been extensively researched and verified, making her the oldest documented human in history.

[Creeperopolis]

John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was a fifteenth-century English magnate who, despite having a relatively short political career, played a significant role in the early years of the Wars of the Roses. Mowbray was born in 1415, the only son and heir of John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and Katherine Neville. He inherited his titles upon his father's death in 1432. As a minor he became a ward of King Henry VI and was placed under the protection of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, alongside whom Mowbray would later campaign in France. He seems to have had an unruly and rebellious youth. Although the details of his misconduct are unknown, they were severe enough for the King to place strictures upon him and separate him from his followers. Mowbray's early career was spent in the military, where he held the wartime office of Earl Marshal.[note 1] Later he led the defence of England's possessions in Normandy during the Hundred Years' War. He fought in Calais in 1436, and during 1437–38 served as Warden of the Eastern March on the Anglo-Scottish border, before returning to Calais.

Mowbray's marriage to Eleanor Bourchier in the early 1430s drew him into the highly partisan and complex politics of East Anglia, and he became the bitter rival of William de la Pole, Earl (later Duke) of Suffolk.[note 2] Mowbray prosecuted his feuds with vigour, often taking the law into his own hands. This often violent approach drew the disapproving attention of the Crown, and he was bound over for massive sums and imprisoned twice in the Tower of London. His enemies, particularly de la Pole, also resorted to violent tactics. As a result, the local gentry looked to Mowbray for leadership, but often in vain; De la Pole was a powerful local force and a favourite of the King, while Mowbray was neither.

As law and order collapsed in eastern England, national politics became increasingly factional, with popular revolts against the King's councillors. Richard, Duke of York, who by the 1450s felt excluded from government, grew belligerent. He rebelled twice, and both times Mowbray defended King Henry. Eventually, Mowbray drifted towards York, with whom he shared enmity towards de la Pole. For much of the decade, Mowbray was able to evade direct involvement in the fractious political climate, and aligned with York early in 1460 until York's death later that year. In March 1461, Mowbray was instrumental in Edward's victory at the Battle of Towton, bringing reinforcements late in the combat. He was rewarded by the new regime but did not live to enjoy it. He died in November 1461, and was succeeded as Duke of Norfolk by his only son, John.